Palaeographic map of the Quaternary ice age (Rukhin, 1960).

Suggested course of the movement of North Pole, according to different investigators (Rukhin, 1960).

Lake ice floe tracks along shore of Lake Manitoba near Oak Point, Manitoba. Airphoto centre in NW 1/4 sec. 34, T. 18, R. 5 W Prime mer. RCAF photo no. A 15954-80.

Geologic map of Canada.

Portion of geological map of Canada showing portions of Saskatchewan and portions of adjacent territory.

Enlarged portion of geological map of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, showing the fault controlled Bright Angel Canyon.

Bjorne Peninsula, Ellesmere ground view. Looking east-northeast from station 63K192 to show exposure of Triassic Heiberg sands and coals in gullies dissected into upland along north coast of Bjorne Peninsula. Aug 12, 1963.

Looking north from Gondola parking lot on Sulphur Mountain towards Mount Norquay and the Cascade Range. Tunnel Mountain in middle foreground, Banff Alberta.

Looking from parking lot of Sulphur Mountain north and east toward Tunnel Mountain. For explanation of geology see slide 6.

Log buried in alluvium of east bank of South Saskatchewan River near Beaver Creek.

Retreating margin of Barnes Ice Cap showing ablation moraine and end moraine (Goldthwaite, 1951, Jour. of Geol., p. 570.)

Diagram to show system of dikes and sheets in a strato-volcano (Rittman, 1962, p. 134).

Slide in Quebec on the Rimouski River was caused partly by the 14 degree slope (cross section at the top) much steeper than slopes usually associated with quick clay. A layer of soft, silty clay heavily charged with water formed a slip surface. The debris filled river for several thousand feet and created a temporary lake. Hummocky surface is typical of clay slide (Kerr, P.F., 1963, Sci. Amer. Nov., p. 138).

Collapse of quick clay is shown on microscopic scale in these schematic cross sections. Undisturbed clay (left) is thought to possess a "house of cards" structure. The "cards" are flat bits of clay minerals. Irregular blobs represent sand grains and tiny sots are dissolve salt, which provide electrolytic "glue" for the structure. Water (colour) is being squeezed out as clay collapses (middle). Most of the salt was leached out before collapse. Remolded or collapsed clay (right) contains very little water (Kerr, P.F., 1963, Sci. Amer. Nov., p. 134).

Permo-Carboniferous glaciation without continental drift. Geographic reconstruction during Upper Palaeozoic ice ages. Glaciated regions indicated by horizontal directions of ice flow by arrows. Note land bridges (Umbgrove, 1942, p. 140).